Question 6 fill in the blank: a function is a predefined operation, whereas a formula is _____.

a set of instructions used to perform a specified calculation. ✓

a computer programming language 

a particular value

a predefined statement

Correct
A function is a preset command that automatically performs a specified process; a formula is a set of instructions used to perform a specified calculation.

1) Fill in the blank: A business decides what kind of data it needs, how the data will be managed, and who will be responsible for it during the _____ stage of the data life cycle.

Ans: Plan

2) The destroy stage of the data life cycle might involve which of the following actions? Select all that apply.

Ans:

• Using data-erasure software
• Shredding paper files

3) A data analyst uses a spreadsheet function to aggregate data. Then, they add a pivot table to show totals from least to greatest. This would happen during which stage of the data life cycle?

Ans: Analyze

4) The data life cycle deals with the stages that data goes through; data analysis involves following a process to analyze data.

Ans: True

5) What actions might a data analytics team take in the act phase of the data analysis process? Select all that apply.

Ans:

• Validating insights provided by analysts
• Putting a plan into action to help solve the business problem
• Finalizing a strategy based on the analysis

6) What is the main difference between a formula and a function?

Ans: A formula is a set of instructions used to perform a specified calculation; a function is a preset command that automatically performs a specified process

7) Fill in the blank: A query is used to _____ information from a database. Select all that apply.

Ans:

• Retrieve
• Request
• Update

8) Structured query language (SQL) enables data analysts to communicate with a database.

Ans: True

9) A data analyst has finished an analysis project that involved private company data. They erase the digital files in order to keep the information secure. This describes which stage of the data life cycle?

Ans: destroy

10) Data analysts use queries to request, retrieve, and update information within a database.

Ans: True

11) Fill in the blank: The data life cycle has six stages, whereas data analysis has six _____.

Ans: process steps

12) Fill in the blank: A function is a predefined operation, whereas a formula is _____.

Ans: a set of instructions used to perform a specified calculation.

13) Fill in the blank: To request, retrieve, and update information in a database, data analysts use a ____.

Ans: query

14) Fill in the blank: Structured query language (SQL) enables data analysts to _____ the information in a database. Select all that apply.

Ans:

• Request
• Require
• Update

Lesson 5: Functions

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Introduction

A function is a predefined formula that performs calculations using specific values in a particular order. All spreadsheet programs include common functions that can be used for quickly finding the sum, average, count, maximum value, and minimum value for a range of cells. In order to use functions correctly, you'll need to understand the different parts of a function and how to create arguments to calculate values and cell references.

Watch the video below to learn more about using functions in Excel.

The parts of a function

In order to work correctly, a function must be written a specific way, which is called the syntax. The basic syntax for a function is an equals sign (=), the function name (SUM, for example), and one or more arguments. Arguments contain the information you want to calculate. The function in the example below would add the values of the cell range A1:A20.

Working with arguments

Arguments can refer to both individual cells and cell ranges and must be enclosed within parentheses. You can include one argument or multiple arguments, depending on the syntax required for the function.

For example, the function =AVERAGE(B1:B9) would calculate the average of the values in the cell range B1:B9. This function contains only one argument.

Multiple arguments must be separated by a comma. For example, the function =SUM(A1:A3, C1:C2, E2) will add the values of all cells in the three arguments.

Using functions

There are a variety of functions. Here are some of the most common functions you'll use:

• SUM: This function adds all the values of the cells in the argument.
• AVERAGE: This function determines the average of the values included in the argument. It calculates the sum of the cells and then divides that value by the number of cells in the argument.
• COUNT: This function counts the number of cells with numerical data in the argument. This function is useful for quickly counting items in a cell range.
• MAX: This function determines the highest cell value included in the argument.
• MIN: This function determines the lowest cell value included in the argument.

To use a function:

In our example below, we'll use a basic function to calculate the average price per unit for a list of recently ordered items using the AVERAGE function.

1. Select the cell that will contain the function. In our example, we'll select cell C11.
   

2. Type the equals sign (=) and enter the desired function name. In our example, we'll type =AVERAGE.
   

3. Enter the cell range for the argument inside parentheses. In our example, we'll type (C3:C10). This formula will add the values of cells C3:C10 and then divide that value by the total number of cells in the range to determine the average.
   

4. Press Enter on your keyboard. The function will be calculated, and the result will appear in the cell. In our example, the average price per unit of items ordered was $15.93.
   

Your spreadsheet will not always tell you if your function contains an error, so it's up to you to check all of your functions. To learn how to do this, check out the Double-Check Your Formulas lesson.

Working with unfamiliar functions

If you want to learn how a function works, you can start typing that function in a blank cell to see what it does.

You can then type an open parenthesis to see what kind of arguments it needs.

Understanding nested functions

Whenever a formula contains a function, the function is generally calculated before any other operators, like multiplication and division. That's because the formula treats the entire function as a single value—before it can use that value in the formula, it needs to run the function. For example, in the formula below, the SUM function will be calculated before division:

Let's take a look at a more complicated example that uses multiple functions:

=WORKDAY(TODAY(),3)

Here, we have two different functions working together: the WORKDAY function and the TODAY function. These are known as nested functions, since one function is placed, or nested, within the arguments of another. As a rule, the nested function is always calculated first, just like parentheses are performed first in the order of operations. In this example, the TODAY function will be calculated first, since it's nested within the WORKDAY function.

Other common functions

There are many other functions you can use to quickly calculate different things with your data. Learning how to use other functions will allow you to solve complex problems with your spreadsheets, and we'll be talking more about them throughout this tutorial. You can also check out our articles below to learn about specific functions:

• How to Use Excel's VLOOKUP Function
• How to Count Cells with COUNTA
• Use SUMPRODUCT to Calculate Weighted Averages
• CONCATENATE: Excel's Duct Tape
• Use the PROPER Function to Capitalize Names in Excel

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Is a function a predefined operation?

What is the difference between a formula and a function?

Are predefined formulas that perform calculations using specific values called arguments?

Can we include a function while creating a formula?